Philip Roth, a Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist who wrote about male lust, Jewish life and America, died Tuesday night at a hospital in New York. He was 85.

Roth died of congestive heart failure surrounded by close friends and family, his friend Judith Thurman said. The people who visited him in his final days came from all walks of life, from writers and lifelong friends, to people he’s helped and inspired along the way.

“He was an incredibly generous person. Always very exigent, and he held you to a very high standard – and he held himself to an even higher standard,” Thurman said. “He was, in my opinion, a very great writer and a very great man.”

Roth was one of America’s most prolific 20th century novelists, with a career that spanned decades and more than two dozen books. In addition to a Pulitzer for fiction writing, he won other top literary honours, including National Book Awards and PEN/Faulkner Awards.

“From the beginning of his long and celebrated career, Philip Roth’s fiction has often explored the human need to demolish, to challenge, to oppose, to pull apart,” the Pulitzer committee said when it awarded him the prize two decades ago for “American Pastoral.”

In 2012, he announced that his most recent book, “Nemesis,” published two years prior, would be the last one. He made the decision after he re-read all his books. After he stopped writing, he spent his free time reading and swimming, and meeting friends.

Roth has never failed to provoke with his many controversial books. They included “Goodbye, Columbus and Five Short Stories,” “The Plot Against America,” “Everyman,” “Portnoy’s Complaint,” “The Human Stain,” and “I Married a Communist.”

He rose to fame after the 1959 publication of “Goodbye, Columbus,” which earned him the National Book Award. About a decade later, the controversial “Portnoy’s Complaint” created a major sensation due to its explicit description of a young man’s sexuality and his use of masturbation to free himself from a strict Jewish upbringing.

In a 2014 essay for The New York Times, Roth described his thoughts after he re-read the book, which he said was his fourth of 31.

“Re-reading ‘Portnoy’s Complaint’ 45 years on, I am shocked and pleased: shocked that I could have been so reckless, pleased that I was so reckless,” he wrote. “I certainly didn’t understand while at work that henceforth I was never to be free of this psychoanalytic patient I was calling Alexander Portnoy — indeed, that I was on the brink of swapping my identity for his.”

The Croatian edition of the book was published in 1971, winning translator Zlatko Crnkovic the annual award for the best translation of the year, due to his rendition of Yiddish terms used copiously by Roth.

Roth was born in Newark, New Jersey, on March 19, 1933. He briefly attended the Newark branch of Rutgers University before he transferred to Bucknell University in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. He got his master’s degree from the University of Chicago in 1955.

After his graduation, he enlisted in the US Army but was discharged after he suffered a back injury. He returned to his Chicago alma mater, where he was an English instructor while he wrote fiction. A few years later, his first book was published.

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