German Chancellor Angela Merkel condemned a "worrying" resurgence of anti-Semitism in Germany, including a rise in violence attacks, and appealed for a defence of liberal democratic values and institutions.

She made the comments in a memorial speech marking 80 years since Kristallnacht, or the “Night of Broken Glass,” the 1938 rampage of state-sponsored violence by the Nazi regime against Jewish communities, which caused widespread looting and destruction of Jewish properties across Germany and Austria.

Merkel spoke at Berlin’s Rykestrasse Synagogue, one of the 1,400 synagogues that were set ablaze that night.

“There are two urgent questions that we need to answer,” she said. “First, what did we really learn from the Shoah, this rupture of civilization? And second to the first question: Are our democratic institutions sufficiently strong so that an increase of anti-Semitism, or even if a majority presents anti-Semitism, it can be prevented in the future?”

She said that Kristallnacht had “paved the way to the Holocaust,” which she described as the “the greatest rupture of civilization.” But she also said that “the terror of Nazism did not happen overnight but grew gradually,” warning that the German public’s general acceptance of anti-Semitism is what allowed the Nazi regime to carry out the Holocaust.

Anti-Semitism and racism remain an issue that Germany grapples with today, she said: “Racism, anti-Semitism and prejudices did not just vanish.

“If today, 80 years after these pogroms and 70 years after the formation of the Federal Republic of Germany, we look at the situation, we see an ambiguous picture: There is flourishing life, Jewish life, an unexpected gift after the Shoah.

“But at the same time we see a worrying anti-Semitism. Which means Jewish life in this country, and in other places considered safe havens for the world, is threatened. This anti-Semitism has increasingly erupted into incitement of violence online and in public places.”

In her speech, Merkel said Germany must draw lessons from its history and must not tolerate anti-Semitism or racism in any form.

She cited several incidents this year, including a violent attack against a young man wearing the kippah in Berlin and one at a Jewish-owned restaurant in the eastern German town of Chemnitz.

She appeared to reference the growing power of the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) in parliament and appealed for vigilance in protecting democratic institutions and the rights of the individual.

“We must not allow our societies to be divided into us and them, we and them, we versus others,” she said.

She also warned that some segments of society were feeling left behind and looking to populist leaders offering “simple answers.”

“We live again today in an era of profound change,” Merkel added.

“At times such as these, there is always a worrying danger that those who give patently simple answers in reaction to these changes and difficulties will become more attractive. Simple answers that too frequently accompany a brutalization of language that is used on the streets and online. That is the kind of beginning that we need to resolutely oppose.”

“That is why today we remember and equally promise that we will be resolute in standing up against attacks to our pluralistic society. We remember, while knowing that staying silent and not doing anything about it, ultimately, means joining in.”

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